The operating system’s data are the set of functions that allow the wide range of software programs to run effectively on a computer. The functions support functions such as memory management, processes management, device management, file systems, along with security and performance monitoring.
A fundamental function of the OS is to manage CPU time and hardware resources. The OS determines which programs get the processor’s attention and regulates how programs interact with each in order to not interfere with each other. This involves scheduling the execution of processes, choosing the order in that applications will be executed, and making sure that each process has sufficient memory to execute its program.
Certain operating systems employ techniques known as paging and Segmentation to manage memory. These techniques divide memory into segments that are then mapped into or out of RAM according to the requirement. This increases the amount of RAM available without the need to add new hardware.
Another essential function of an operating system is to manage input and output from devices attached to it, such as printers and disk drives. The OS handles the communication between the application software and the hardware by installing and managing device drivers. It also creates a table known as the device-status desk, which stores information about which devices are ready for reading or writing, as well as the number of processes waiting for them.
The operating system also manages long-term non-volatile storage using file systems on devices such as tapes and disks. It handles file access and organization, optimizes use of storage devices and ensures security and user permissions.
